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Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae is a plant pathogen that causes cedar-apple rust.^[1] In virtually any location where apples or crabapples (Malus) and Eastern red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana) coexist, cedar apple rust can be a destructive or disfiguring disease on both the apples and cedars. Quince and hawthorn are the most common host and many species of juniper can substitute for the Eastern red cedars.

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Symptoms[edit]

On the apple tree, the infections occur on leaves, fruit and young twigs.^[2] The brightly colored spots produced on the leaves make it easy to identify. Small, pale yellow spots appear on the upper surfaces of the leaves, usually during late April or May on the eastern seaboard of the United States. These spots gradually enlarge and turn orange or red and may show concentric rings of color. Drops of orange liquid may be visible on the spots. Later in the season, black dots appear on the orange spots on the upper leaf surface. In late summer, tube-like structures develop on the undersurface of the apple leaf. Infected leaves sometimes drop prematurely, particularly during drought conditions or when the tree is under additional stress. Infections on fruit are usually near the blossom end and are somewhat similar to the leaf lesions.

On the Eastern Red Cedar host, the fungus produces reddish-brown galls from ¹⁄₄–1 inch (6.4–25.4 mm) in diameter. These galls can be mistaken for cone structures by the uninitiated. After reaching a diameter of about ¹⁄₂ inch (13 mm), they show many small circular depressions. In the center of each depression is a small, pimple-like structure. In the spring these structures elongate into orange gelatinous protrusions or horns. The spore-bearing horns swell during rainy periods in April and May. The wind carries the microscopic spores to infect apple leaves, fruit and young twigs on trees within a radius of several miles of the infected tree.

On other species of juniper more common in landscaping and bonsai, the sizes of the infections are reduced. Early in the infection, the galls are small bumps on the woody portions of the plant. They maintain the orange gelatinous form after the first warm rains of spring but generally on a greatly reduced scale.

The disease cycle[edit]

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Understanding of the disease cycle of this rust fungus is necessary for proper identification and control. Cedar apple rust is caused by the fungi Gymnosporangium or more specifically Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae that spend part of their life cycles on Eastern Red Cedars growing near orchards. The complex disease cycle of cedar apple rust, alternating between two host plants, was first delineated by Anders Sandøe Ørsted.^[3]

On the eastern seaboard of the United States, at the first warm rain of spring, the spore horns become gelatinous masses and produce their teliospores.

Wind carries the spores to apple leaves at about the time that apple buds are in the pink or early blossom stage. Upon reaching apple buds or leaves, the spores attach themselves to the young leaves, germinate, and enter the leaf or fruit tissues. Infection takes place in as little as four hours under favorable conditions. Yellow lesions develop in one to three weeks.

In July and August, spores from the apple leaves (Aeciospores) are produced. The wind carries the spores back to Eastern Red Cedars, completing the infectious cycle. The spores land on cedar needle bases or in cracks or crevices of twigs. There, they germinate and produce small, green-brown swellings about the size of a pea. Galls do not produce spores until the second spring. However, mature galls usually are present every year. This fungus produces four out of five of the spores known to be produced by the class Urediniomycetes during its life cycle. (These include Teliospores, Basidiospores, Spermatia, and Aeciospores. The type of spore it does not produce is Urediospores.) Rust fungi have a complicated life-cycle with up to five types of spores (each borne on a different type of structure) in its life cycle and often an alternate host, and an 'alternate alternate host' as well. Basidiomycetes that have all 5 spore stages and those with less are said to be 'macrocyclic' or 'microcyclic' respectively.

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Control[edit]

Because apples are an economically important crop, control is usually focused there. Interruption of the disease cycle is the only effective method for control of the cedar apple rust. The recommended method of control is to “remove cedars located within a 1 mile (1.6 km) radius” of the apples to interrupt the disease cycle,^[4] though this method is seldom practical. For those doing bonsai, it is common to have the trees within feet of each other and on the central eastern seaboard of the United States, Eastern Red Cedar is a common first-growth conifer along roadsides.

There are differences in the susceptibility of various apple varieties. 'Jonathan', 'Rome Beauty', 'Wealthy' and 'York Imperial' are susceptible. 'Grimes Golden', 'Narragansett', 'Red Delicious', 'Winesap', 'Staymans', 'Redfree', 'Jonafree' and 'Priscilla' are resistant. Crabapples are generally more susceptible than apples. Resistant crabapples include 'Adams', 'Beverly', 'Candied Apple', 'Dolgo', 'Donald Wyman', 'Eleyi', 'Inglis', 'Indian Summer', 'Liset', 'Mt. Arbor', M. persicifolia, 'Red Jewel', 'Robinson', 'Robusta', 'Royalty', M. sargentii, 'Tina', 'Snowdrift', and 'Special Radiant'. Resistant Crataegus (Hawthorn) include C. crus-galli, series Intricatae, C. laevigata, 'Autumn Glory', C. phaenopyrum, C. pruinosa, C. viridis, and 'Winter King'. The resistant varieties are less susceptible to attack, but that does not mean that they are free from an aggressive attack.

Fungicide sprays applied in a timely manner are highly effective against the rust diseases during the apple cycle.^[5] Most sprays are applied four times at 7- to 10-day intervals, starting with pink bud on crabapples. These applications are to protect the apples from spores being released from the cedar host in mid-spring. If cedar apple rust disease is diagnosed on apple fruits and leaves it is far too late to spray. Systemic fungicides are available.

Fungicides listed for use on apples can be used in July and August on the cedars to reduce infection. Application of fungicides to the junipers before and while they are in the infectious orange gelatinous state seems to reduce the severity of the outbreak.

Gallery[edit]

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• Another Gall on Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)

• Close-up on a telial horn: It is full of teliospores (visible as tiny orange spots)

• Two-celled teliospore

• Cedar apple rust on a crab apple showing stomata

• Cedar apple rust on a crab apple showing stomata

• Cedar apple rust on a shimpaku juniper

• Cedar apple rust on a J. procumbens nana)

• Gall with telial horns

References[edit]

1. ^Gordon Grice, “Pondering a Parasite,” Discover, July 2008, 54-56.
2. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2008-01-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. ^Ørsted, A.S. (1963) Om Sygdomme hos Planterne, som foraarsages af Snyltesvampe, navnlig om Rust og Brand og om Midlerne til deres Forebyggelse. Kjøbenhavn.
4. ^http://uconnladybug.wordpress.com/2010/04/30/ground-ivy-and-orange-growths-on-cedar-trees/
5. ^http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/vadisbul.pdf

External links[edit]

Mr. Mac Rust

Mr. Landon Northcutt

Diversified Sales, LLC

166 South Belknap

Stephenville, Texas 76401-4202

Breach of Fiduciary Duties to and Breach of Contract with Star Hospital Solutions, L.L.C. (“Star”).

Mac Rust attempted to trick hospitals into working with his new company. He cleverly and deceptively—formed a competing entity and named it “Star Management Solutions LLC” instead of Star Hospital Solution. And then he called it “star” as well in order to usurp business from his partners.

If Mac Rust does not agree to immediately cease and desist all competitive activities, the real Star will enforce its right to an injunction in Court and aggressively pursue all available remedies to hold Mac Rust legally and financially responsible for his violations of fiduciary duties and his contracts.

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Mr Rust has a noncompetition agreement with Stare that expressly prohibits competition through restructured entities like the fake Star Mac Rust has formed and grants the real Star the right to injunctive relief in court. Equally important are the duties to which Mac Rust committed both as Member and as Manager: “certain fiduciary duties, duty of loyalty and other similar duties.” Mac Rust and his entities all knowingly participated in the breaches of fiduciary duties.

Yet Mac Rust ’s actions fell far short of the duty of utmost good faith and loyalty. To the contrary, once several hospitals were ready to sign with the real Star, Rust and his partner Landon Northcutt got greedy.

Mac Rust and Landon Northcutt decided they could duplicate the Star model, thereby making all the profits for themselves and cutting out their original Star partners. So just one month into the deal, in breach of their duties and covenants, they called on Star prospect hospitals (see attached) as “star” representatives and presented them altered documents in hopes they could switch the unsuspecting hospitals to the fake star.

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In fact, we have now learned that on July 7, 2017—while Mac Rust and Landon Northcutt were still Members and Managers of the real Star and a full month before their sudden resignation— Rust and Landon Northcutt signed a contract with ABC General Hospital on behalf of the fake star leveraging the efforts and investment their deal partners made for their own benefit. Thankfully the manager of ABC General Hospital caught the fraud. Nonetheless, Rust and Landon Northcutt caused confusion in the marketplace about which star was real and which was a scam, irreparably damaging the real Star.

Additionally, Mac Rust and Landon Northcutt set up a second entity called “On Campus Laboratory Management LLC” (“On Campus”) to position themselves with new rural Texas hospitals that had not yet been as exposed to the Star name. Included in this target group was ABC Medical Center. The real Star spent months developing this prospect, but Mac Rust and Landon Northcutt usurped the deal and On Campus is now positioning to provide the blood testing at ABC. The real Star demands disgorgement of all profits Mac Rust and Landon Northcutt illegally obtain(ed) in that transaction and any others.

On August 3, 2017 at 3:00 p.m., a Membership/Management meeting of the real Star was called in Dallas, Texas. Neither Mac Rust nor Landon Northcutt showed up. Instead, 10 minutes into the meeting Rust and Landon Northcutt purported to have themselves and Diversified Sales LLC (“Diversified”) resign from their roles. Regardless, their duties and their covenants remain intact. Notably, in furtherance of the deception, Mr. Rust has started referring to himself as “Jay” instead of “Mac” in order to appear as if he weren’t a Manager of the real Star.

The misconduct of Mac Rust and Landon Northcutt before and after their resignation from Star not only gives rise to substantial actual and exemplary damages but also triggers injunctive relief under the Texas Uniform Trade Secret Act—for their theft of the real Star’s client list and other proprietary business information. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 134A.002-3 (“‘trade secret’ means information, including . . . list of actual or potential customers or suppliers;” providing for injunctive relief). And under the Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act—for your conveyance of the real Star’s contracts. TEX. BUS. & COMM. CODE §§ 24.002-8 (“‘property’ means anything that may be the subject of ownership;” providing for injunctive relief).

Shane Bledsoe and others stand ready to testify to your scheme at both the injunctive and damages phases of relief.

Come to find out, this is not the first time you Mac Rust has been caught in a con. In May of last year, the Securities and Exchange Commission sued Mr. Rust for “misappropriat[ing] significant portions of funds [approximately $13.8 million] entrusted to” Rust and Christoper Brenner and that Rust and Brenner “commandeered the remainder for their own undisclosed trading in speculative securities derivatives. Mac Rust’s Texas State Bar License is now “inactive,” although no public disciplinary history is listed.